Do you know about - science of mind - A Science As Well As an Art
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Science is meant to be objective and unbiased. It should be free of values and scrutinize the truths about what it is studying. Positivism is the view that science is objective and a study of what is real. For example, schizophrenia, when diagnosed as being caused due to excess dopamine, is being studied in a scientific manner. The explanation does not take into inventory any cultural customs or individual differences that might lead to 'schizophrenic' behavior. However, even in scientific study like this the person is doing the diagnosing has his or her own views, and may misinterpret behavior because of his or her own subjective biases. For example, if person talks about hearing voices, they may be referring to a spiritual experience, but a medical practitioner might well diagnose schizophrenia. So objective, value-free study is not easy, because the scientist has views and biases, and cultural or other issues are perhaps leading factors. Some say that a truly objective study is not possible, and that a scientific advent to the study of citizen is not desirable.
Definitions of science of mind have changed while its lifetime, largely reflecting the work on and contributions of its major theoretical approaches or orientations. Kline in 1998 argued that the dissimilar approaches within the field of science of mind should be seen as self-contained disciplines, as well as dissimilar facets of the same discipline. He argued that a field of study can only be as a matter of fact determined a science if a majority of its workers subscribe to a common, global perspective or 'paradigm'. According to Kuhn, a philosopher of science, this means that science of mind is 'pre-paradigmatic' - it lacks a paradigm, without which it is still in a state of 'pre-science'. Whether science of mind has, or ever had, paradigm is hotly debated. Others believe that science of mind has already undergone two revolutions, and is now in a stage of general science, with cognitive science of mind the current paradigm. A third view, which represents a blend of the first two, is that science of mind currently, and simultaneously, has a amount of paradigms.
With regards to which perspectives are regarded as 'scientific', and which are not, the majority lies with 'scientific'. There are four perspectives that clearly lie under 'scientific', the behavioral, cognitive, cognitive-developmental and the physiological. The psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives are argued to be idiographic, in that they look at individual differences, instead of universal laws. The social advent can be seen as an intermediate, as, although it appreciates that there is a strong element of science complicated in psychology, for example the medicine of some mental disorders, it focuses on social and environmental factors. For example, the biological perspective is said to be scientific fundamentally because it looks at the biological functioning of every human being and searches for reasons and solutions which can be applied nomothetically. It focuses on biological behavior, which can be empirically tested, and findings generalized. It emphasizes on the importance of the nervous principles and the importance of genetics on behavior. These aims are clearly scientific, and the methods used are scientific - empirically measured, hypothesized and nomothetic.
One example of this is the medical advent to mental illness. The biological advent suggests that schizophrenia could be down to some factors, such as genetics or a chemical imbalance. The psychodynamic advent however, as been criticized as being 'unscientific'. Many of Freud's theories are not able to be tested, and many of his studies, because empirical measures cannot be applied, remain firmly in principles and cannot be tested, they are difficult to operate - it is impossible to test if the unconscious exists if we are by nature meant to be unaware of it. One could however argue that we cannot prove that it does not exist either. The majority of the approaches suggests that science of mind is in fact a science, but within the field of psychology, in order for it to be classified as a science, each of its perspective should be seen as scientific. The humanistic approach, a so-called 'third-force' in the middle of behaviorism and the psychodynamic approaches, is idiographic, since it studies the individual, and holistic, as it looks at the whole person. A scientific advent for general laws will not capture this active interacting individual, and so the humanistic advent uses methods that are not scientific.
The issue of science of mind as a science is cloudy. On one hand, science of mind is a science. The subject matter is behavior, including mental aspects of behavior such as memory, and the subject matter is divided up for study. Variables are measured, and determined controlled to a point. Laboratories are often used in an attempt to enhance controls - controls are as suitable as possible, so that general laws about behavior can be built.
On the other hand, science of mind can be viewed not as a science, as it does not aim at scientific principles to part the whole world. In many areas of science of mind there is no attempt to generalize from some human behavior to all human behavior. The social representation principles focuses on interactions, and the humanistic principles focuses on self-actualization and the individual's experiences and actions. Where there is focus on interactions in the middle of people, and on the individual's experiences, scientific methods are not useful. Non-scientific methods comprise case-studies and unstructured interviews. If a formula in not scientific, it aims for good validity, in-depth material about person or a small group, qualitative data and a richness of data that is not found by isolating variables, as in many psychological studies.
Psychology as a isolate field of study grew out of some other disciplines, both scientific (such as physiology) and non-scientific (in single philosophy). For much of its life as an independent discipline, and through what some call revolutions and paradigm shifts, it has taken the natural sciences as its model. Ultimately, whatever a single science may claim to have discovered about the phenomena it studies, scientific activity remains just one aspect of human behavior. I feel that science of mind should be viewed as a science, even if it does not concur with traditional scientific specifications.
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